Batch sizing in different planning period is categorized as a classical problem in production planning, that so many exact & heuristic methods have been proposed to solve this problem, each of which considering various aspects of the original problem. The solution obtained from majority – e.g. MRP – is in this format that there may be some periods of idleness or each period should produce as needed in different adjacent periods. If there are more the one final independent product to be produced in a factory, this makes the production planning experience strong variations in batch sizes for different periods, which production managers are opposed to these proposed production plans. In this paper, some of the models are proposed to solve this shortcoming of the production plan to smooth the variation of batch sizes and consequently to meet the managers ideal. Finally all of the proposed models are used in a real case problem and the best model is introduced in that case.

A structured unsegregated cybernetic model is able to describe diauxic growth phenomena of cells colony in aerobic condition. This model shows that the metabolic activity of the cells is regulated by internal cellular controls which direct the micro-organism towards the most convenient metabolic pathway able to optimize the use of available resources. In this paper, for proving this reality, a structured unsegregated cybernetic model have been used for describing of the growth stages of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on mixed substrates. The results of simulation of baker’s yeast in batch and fed-batch bioreactor show that agreements are quite satisfactory between experimental data and simulation results. And it well performs in the simulation of the lag-phases and the diauxic growth. Finally, for preventing of oxygen starvation that causes ethanol production, oxygen mass transfer coefficient is simulated on the function of impeller speed and air flow rate and the effect of this parameter on biomass yield have been discussed.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable models for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.

Nine commercial almond cultivars ('Sahand', 'Yalda', 'Shukofeh', 'Azar', 'Ferragnes', 'Nonpareil', 'Monagga', 'A200' and 'A230') were used for determination of the flower initiation time, stages of morphological development of flower bud, flower buds density in spur, branch spur number of and pistil length. The experiment was conducted in 'Sahand' Horticultural Station during three years. For determination of flower initiation, buds were sampled weekly since 15 August. Results showed a positive correlation between initiation and flowering times. The first flower initiation period was observed in 'Monagha' (27 August) and the last flower organogenesis period was observed in 'Sahand' (26 November). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among cultivars in all studied characteristice (P≤5%). 'Sahand' produced the highest spur in each meter of branches with average of 46 spurs and 'Monagha' produced the highest pistil length with average of 1.85 cm. The important point in all the cultivars used was normal fruit setting despite short pistil production in some of them.

This paper presents a comparison between batch and three different sets of fed batch fermentations for rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The batch run was performed with 500 ml of culture medium having the initial glycerol and sodium nitrate concentrations of 30 and 8.3 g/l, respectively. For a fed batch run with nitrogen source in feed, 250 ml of the nitrogen excluded culture medium was in the bioreactor initially, and 250 ml culture medium containing 16.6 g/l sodium nitrate was fed to the bioreactor continuously.A similar procedure was repeated for fed batch runs with carbon, and phosphorus source in feed. Statistical analysis showed that fed batch runs were better than batch in term of rhamnolipid production, and among the fed batch runs the maximum amount of rhamnolipid.(4.12 g Rhamnose Equivalent/l) was for the fed batch run with the carbon source in feed.

Introduction: Bioremediation and biodegradation are considered as environmental friendly techniques for contaminants’ removal in polluted environment. In this study the removal and kinetics of Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and Trichloroethene (TCE) microbial degradation, their inhibitory effects and the rate of dehalogenation capacity at high concentration of PCE were investigated. Materials and Methods: Dechlorinating culture was provided by Bioclear B. V. from a PCE-contaminated site (Evenblij in Hoogeveen-The Netherlands). The batch apparatuses were placed in an orbital shaker at 150 rpm at room temperature. In all the 18 batches, 6 different concentrations of PCE were measured from 0. 1 mM to 0. 6 mM. The degradation rate of PCE, Trichloroethene (TCE), and cis-1, 2-dichloroethene (cDCE) were determined by the PHREEQC model. Results: The results revealed that the final product was ethene and the rate of dechlorinating of PCE increased gradually. The degradation process started after 3 days in batch modes (0. 1 mM). After 10 days, the dechlorination of PCE to TCE was obtained in a low concentration of PCE (0. 1 mM). Also, the TCE concentration became close to zero after 10 days. However, the start point was longer than PCE and the rate of biodegradation of TCE was faster than PCE. PCE did not show any progress in the dechlorinating procedure at 13th and 14th batch series and none of the daughter products were observed. Conclusions: It should be concluded that there was no single organism that could dechlorinate PCE to ethene, directly. Therefore, the best consortium of microorganisms to dechlorinate PCE to ethene faster, with less production of VC as the most hazardous compound, should be studied.

Phase inversion in liquid-liquid dispersions is a common phenomenon that occurs in many industrial processes. However, the mechanisms responsible for phase inversion and the effect of the physical and geometrical parameters on this phenomenon are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of agitation speed, type of chemical system and mineral salts on phase inversion behavior in batch-agitated vessels has been investigated. In order to study the phase inversion, a variable speed agitator and conductometer has been used. The results showed that with increasing agitation speed, the O/W dispersion invert at decreasing values of critical dispersed phase holdup, whereas W/O dispersions follow the reverse trend. Also, it is shown that decreasing interfacial tension of dispersion, shifts ambivalence limits downward and widening it. Also, addition of salt to water phase influenced phase inversion behaviour and facilitated the phase inversion of O/W dispersions and since the salt has higher ionic strength, its effect was higher.

Synthesis of nanocellulose using crop residue rice husk is an innovative method. Morphological and structural characterizations of nanocellulose were analyzed. The rice husk based nanocellulose had a particle height of 5. 7 nm and a crystallinity index of 70%. Raw rice husk comprises 35% cellulose, 22% hemicellulose, 19. 1% lignin, and 20% ash. Defluoridation of water samples is an imperious provocation for the advancement of society. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines, a fluoride concentration of more than 1. 5 milligrams per litre leads to dental problems and bone deficiency. The appropriate defluoridation practice was selected to avoid these problems. Cost-effective nanocellulose from rice husk was used as an adsorbent to purify a fluoride-rich aqueous solution in batch experiments on a lab scale. Response of dose, temperature, time, pH, and initial ion concentration on adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were deliberated. In batch experiments, the highest removal efficiency of fluoride from aqueous solution was 74% at a 120 min time, 2 mg/l initial ion concentration, 30 ˚C temp, 0. 9 g adsorbent dose at pH 2. According to WHO standards, fluoride concentrations above 1. 5 mg/l cause tooth and bone insufficiency. Regeneration showed that the adsorbent was cost-effective and reusable. Two, three, and four-parameter isotherm models were applied to the experimental data. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and Baudu isotherm models and the pseudo-second-order kinetic and intra-particle diffusion models best fit the data. The studied thermodynamic constraints showed the physical adsorption of fluoride.

Leachate contents from the landfill that infiltrate the liner may contaminate nearby groundwater and river. Hence, the liner material must be chosen properly so that pollutants can be retained as much as possible at the liner thus reducing the contamination risk. This study studied the characteristics of earthenware clay and pressmud, and their suitability in reducing heavy metals content in leachate. Their suitability to fit as candidate for a landfill liner was tested using batch equilibrium study at 24 and 48 hours reaction times. The mixture of clay and pressmud were labelled PM0, PM10, PM30, PM50, PM80 and PM100 based on their pressmud content. Both reaction time, in any mixtures, manganese easily removed from leachate. 97% zinc was reduced in PM80 after 48 hours reaction time. No significant removal detected for lead in PM0, PM50 and PM80 although the experiment was prolonged from 24 to 48 hours. In a nutshell, for overall contaminants, the longer the reaction time, the higher removal percentage. The clay-pressmud mixtures have the potential to be applied as a landfill liner, however, the removal percentage of metal ions depends on mixture’ s physicochemical characteristic.